Las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Cada año mueren más personas por ésta que por cualquier otra causa. Se calcula que en 2016 murieron por esta causa 15,2 millones de
personas, lo cual representa un 54% de todas las muertes registradas en el mundo. De estas, 9,4 millones se debieron a cardiopatía coronaria, y 5,8 millones a los Accidentes Cerebro Vasculares (ACV).
Fuente OMS
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son un grupo de desórdenes del corazón y de los vasos sanguíneos, entre los que se incluyen:
La cardiopatía coronaria (enfermedad de los vasos sanguíneos arteriales que irrigan el músculo cardiaco).
Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares (enfermedades de los vasos sanguíneos que irrigan el cerebro).
Las arteriopatías periféricas (enfermedades de los vasos sanguíneos que irrigan los miembros superiores e inferiores).
Las trombosis venosas profundas y embolias pulmonares: coágulos de sangre (trombos) en las venas de las piernas, que pueden desprenderse (émbolos) y alojarse en los vasos del corazón y los pulmones.
El nexo común de estas patologías es la enfermedad aterosclerótica.
La enfermedad aterosclerótica se desarrolla de forma silente, lentamente progresiva desde edades muy tempranas, su primera manifestación puede cursar de forma súbita en un evento irreversible: muerte o infarto de miocardio. A partir de ese momento, todos nuestros esfuerzos terapéuticos serán, en el mejor de los casos, paliativos.
Sabemos que los factores de riesgo no sólo son elementos clave en todo este proceso, sino que, además, generalmente son «modificables» y que su adecuado control reduce drásticamente la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares adversos.
Los estudios de Framingham establecieron ya hace seis décadas el trascendental papel de los factores de riesgo en el desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica. El estudio INTERHEART ha analizado, en una población de 15.152 casos y 14.820
controles provenientes de 52 países, cuáles eran los factores «modificables» del riesgo de tener un infarto de miocardio; el tabaco, la dislipemia, la diabetes, la hipertensión arterial y la obesidad fueron predictores (nos advirtieron) de esta
complicación, mientras que la ingesta de frutas y verduras, y la actividad física fueron factores protectores.
Estos factores predictores explican más del 90% del riesgo de padecer un infarto de miocardio. Menos de la mitad de los individuos que presentan algún factor de riesgo conoce su diagnóstico, menos de la mitad de ellos recibe un tratamiento
específico y, a su vez, menos de la mitad de los que son tratados alcanzan los objetivos terapéuticos recomendados por las guías de práctica clínica.
El sedentarismo constituye una de las causas prevenibles más importantes de muerte y, de hecho, se ha demostrado una relación lineal inversa entre la cantidad de actividad física realizada y la mortalidad por cualquier causa. Las
recomendaciones actuales proponen que los hombres y mujeres realicen al menos 30 minutos al día de actividad física de intensidad al menos moderada y los niños 1 hora, preferiblemente todos los días de la semana.
Dr. Andrés S. Kohan.
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