Daniel Piskorz, Médico Cardiólogo, Especialista en Hipertensión Arterial Mat. 8509 |
La hipertensión arterial sólo se diagnostica midiéndose la presión arterial, la diabetes y los trastornos lipídicos sólo realizándose análisis de sangre y orina.
“Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) matan a 38 millones de personas cada año”
Casi el 75% de las defunciones por ENT -28 millones- se producen en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. 16 millones de las muertes atribuidas a las enfermedades no transmisibles se producen en personas menores de 70 años de edad; el 82% de estas muertes “prematuras” ocurren en países de ingresos bajos y medianos.
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la mayoría de las defunciones por ENT, 17,5 millones cada año, seguidas del cáncer (8,2 millones), las enfermedades respiratorias (4 millones), y la diabetes (1,5 millones).
Estos cuatro grupos de enfermedades son responsables de alrededor del 82 % de las muertes por ENT.
El consumo de tabaco, la inactividad física, el uso nocivo del alcohol y las dietas malsanas aumentan el riesgo de morir a causa de una de las ENT.
Frente a este análisis de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Rosario3.com, acudió a consultar al Presidente de la Federación Argentina de Cardiología (FAC), Daniel Piskorz, médico cardiólogo, especialista en Hipertensión Arterialm quien comenzó diciendo que “es necesario destacar el control médico periódico en estado de salud. La hipertensión arterial sólo se diagnostica midiéndose la presión arterial; y la diabetes y los trastornos lipídicos sólo realizándose análisis de sangre y orina. Por lo tanto, el principal mensaje para pacientes y la sociedad en general es que se realice un chequeo médico anual”.
¿Cuál es el porcentaje de pacientes que padecen hipertensión arterial en Argentina?
En nuestro país, de acuerdo a distintos estudios epidemiológicos realizados en ciudades como Mendoza, Córdoba, Rosario o Buenos Aires, aproximadamente la tercera parte de la población adulta es hipertensa. Por otra parte, en relevamientos realizados en niños y adolescentes alrededor del 5 % de ellos son hipertensos. La frecuencia de presentación de la hipertensión arterial se incrementa con la edad, y por encima de los 60 años el 50 % de la población es hipertensa.
¿Cómo se manifiesta?
Lamentablemente la hipertensión arterial no tiene síntomas ni signos específicos, la única manera de detectarla es midiéndose la presión arterial. Es por ello que sólo se manifiesta a través de los daños crónicos y agudos que produce sobre los diversos tejidos que afecta. La manifestación más temible es la muerte súbita, que por lo general se debe a una oclusión aguda de una arteria coronaria en el corazón, y menos frecuentes a ataques cerebrales o rupturas de aneurismas de aorta.
En otras ocasiones, las oclusiones agudas de las arterias del corazón, que tiene como consecuencia un infarto agudo de miocardio, no son fatales, al igual que los ataques cerebrales, ya sean infartos cerebrales o hemorragias intracerebrales. Otras de las manifestaciones son la insuficiencia cardíaca y la insuficiencia renal, con necesidad de diálisis crónica o trasplante renal.
¿Cuál es su relación con la diabetes?
Los individuos con diabetes del adulto, también llamada diabetes tipo 2, tienen una significativa mayor probabilidad de padecer hipertensión arterial a cualquier edad. El promedio de presión arterial de los diabéticos es significativamente mayor que el de los sujetos no diabéticos. En general, la diabetes tipo 2 se asocia a obesidad central, y ello también influye en esta mayor probabilidad de padecer hipertensión arterial.
En los pacientes diabéticos infanto juveniles, también llamada diabetes tipo 1, la hipertensión arterial se relaciona con el desarrollo de daño renal, por lo que si el mismo puede ser prevenido no se genera hipertensión arterial. Por lo expuesto, la relación entre las dos forma de presentarse la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial son disimiles.
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